Long period of time Essay

I was lucky to interview someone from the RTW Garments industry and whose day seems endless from deadlines and fast phased fashion trends to chase. He is Mr. Dave Smith. He graduated in an art school, majored in advertising and decided to pursue Graphics artistry as a career. What do you like/best worst about your job/work? What I really love about this job is the access you get to the latest trends in graphic designs and the fashion shows that only few famous people that works in the industry knows of until it hits the magazine stands sort of a VIP pass. Well, developing new trends is also one of those and also seeing other people buying and appreciating your work would be the most rewarding thing that can happen. Well, the worst would be getting your most loved works be rejected for its not in season, its out of budget or for some insane random reason they have up their sleeves. Office politics sometimes kicks-in too but that’s another thing. What are the steps necessary to break into the field? It was hard at first breaking into the industry when you want to make it big as a fresh graduate. The worst part about it was, the companies taking advantage of your status. I experienced being paid below minimum wage for quite some time, and all that you’re left to do is be patient and gain experience from all of it. But with my goal at an aim on my mind, I’m now in one of the leading brand there is in this industry. The basic would be getting to know what software to use and why. Some of it is Photoshop, Corel, Illustrator and Freehand. Another investment that you must have is a quirky imagination to stand out and create something new. If you don’t have it, you must know the latest trend there is and what sells in the market, have a market survey and what appeals most of your target market. Browsing through magazines and the internet is a must to survive, for it helps you formulate what other possibilities there is in a particular design/look you want to achieve. There’s also the printing aspect of it, which a graphic artist must also be armed with. So that you’ll know or have a peek of the end result of the artwork you did. It’s definitely a plus if you know at least some of it. What is a typical day like for you? A typical day for me would be buried in the computer for a long period of time. As in long, until I can dig a hole in my chair at the office. Its either you search for references for whatever seasoned collection your boss wants you to do, what your mind ticked you to do, or you’re doing promotional item before you knew it. Well, in the place I work in I never had a single day without having a new assignment to work on. What are some related occupations to your profession? As a graphic artist, you can choose which field to specialize in. You can be in the garments, in a printing company, product development division, as photo editor, as a company’s only graphics artist who’ll do their collaterals. There are really so many job opportunities as a graphic artist, as long as it involves photo editing and vectors. Do you see yourself doing the same job till you get older? Yes I do see myself being in the business till I age. I mean, it pays well to people who are experienced, who perseveres and also as long as I feel that being a Graphic artist fulfill my purpose. One thing more, if you really enjoy what you are doing you, you felt the fulfillment in every thing that you do, definitely you will stay on the job your in. What made you decide to pursue this profession? I decided to pursue this because it makes me feel accomplished as an artist, as a designer, as a human being who appreciates art, it makes me feel happy that at the end of the day I know I can make someone feel confident, happy, at-home with their statement with my designs. It’s like I liberated someone from being a fashion victim, because I care for what other people look like, and because its feels great to lift someone up in a different way. I do believe that Fashion is good for the soul every once in a while. A boost of confidence one design might give, getting your message across through the artworks’ you did. It’s all worth-it even though the deadlines are next to impossible sometimes, and the revisions are inevitable, but still I have to go up there because I know in my own way I’m helping other people feel good about themselves. After this interview I had, I have a deeper reason why I should pursue to be a Graphic artist. With all the things my interviewee mentioned, I have a deeper knowledge and appreciation of who I want to be. Whether what field of graphics designing I want to concentrate on. There are really so many choices. I’m sure I can pick out something that I like among it. I know it will take me a lot of hard work, patience, and determination to be able to achieve my goals. In addition to that the job also pays well, I don’t mind being in front of the PC for such a long time, as long as I know that I can express my ideas and thoughts very well thorough the means of designing and I have to agree also with what Mr. Smith told me, that it feels great to make someone better through your work, and that’s really fulfilling as an artist.

Eulogy of Piggy Essay

Hello, my name is Ralph. We gather here today to remember our dearest friend, Piggy. Piggy was a misunderstood, brave boy with a big heart, only wanting what was best for his friends, who’s been taken from us by savagery, stupidity and pride. I hadn’t met Piggy before the crash. All I remember was waking up after it happened, and found a boy lying near a tree. When I walked over to him, we introduced each other. I told him my name was Ralph, and waited for a reply in return. But he hesitated to tell me his name was Piggy, as he thought I would I would tease him, but I told him that I would never tease him about it. Later we found the conch to help us locate the other boys who had survived. When we went around introducing ourselves to the others, they weren’t so lenient on teasing Piggy. Piggy was a strong and good hearted boy, especially when the others teased him, took his glasses or talked over him. Even though Jack and his hunters again and again pushed him to the edge, he would stand strong and not lose his temper, and I greatly respect him for not letting his pride or emotions give in to the bullies. Another thing I valued in Piggy was that he was always supportive in the things I did, even if they went wrong or if Jack had something negative to say about it. Piggy had so many good qualities, that no one ever noticed which will be greatly regretted by many. To be truly truthful, Piggy was the closet thingy I had to a best friend, and it kills me to know that I will never see him again, and I guess if he was here with us today, he would say keep you head up Ralph, and everything will be alright. Piggy will be sorely missed.

High School Education Essay

Education has been the proposed priority of the different countries all over the world in an effort to develop the social abilities of the children who will be taking over the country in the future and will be leading it to another way of growth. High school is viewed to be an important time for the students especially as it is a transition between the time of elementary learning and into specialized learning (Armstrong, 1998). Moreover, it is also situated during the development years of the adolescent which may factor to their presence of mind while developing for their future needs. In this regard, it is important to determine the overall direction/objectives of High School in this generation and to determine ways on how these objectives can be implemented and achieved. Today, the main objective of High School also known as secondary school is to provide educational program that enhances full potentials of the students in terns of academics and social aspects. In addition, the educational institution today must be able to establish a more comprehensive and efficient High School or secondary school. It has been said that High school is the time wherein the students themselves are finding their cognitive skills developing and thus are also developing their behaviors appropriately, is also then the time where teachers must focus on tackling these factors equally and comprehensively; as such, the authors acknowledge that high schools must prepare their students for specializing and further studies in different universities. Social competence must also be assessed as the teachers must be able to gauge the abilities of their students and thus from that must then be able to construct their goals for the end of the school year that will include the knowledge that the students have gained, the development of their views, as well as their own goals further than the end of their years in their high school Today, high schools are determined to provide a variety of learning methods to reach all students’ needs. Recognizing that in the past, instruction has often been geared to a hypothetical average student rather than to individual students with different backgrounds, attitudes, needs, interests, and abilities, new ways of learning are being created. These ranges from options for students within the school itself, to community involvement, and even to visiting or living in other countries. In order to meet these objectives innovative projects and programs are designed to reach students who have become frustrated and uninvolved in the work of the conventional high school. Options are intended to make learning more interesting, realistic, and meaningful to students. New ways of approaching the academic disciplines, more personal relationships with students, and imaginative learning activities are being invented example of ingenuity in creating many types of options within one school. Aside from that, High School today is now trying to integrate their educational program with information communication technology. It is noted that innovative Information Technology (IT) applications can provide advantages such as: students experienced greater independence and responsibility for their own work and progress; students are more capable of beating deadlines; and fostered students’ ongoing reflection about their work: either by redrafting and/or reviewing it, and especially by comparing it with assessment criteria with the aim of improving their overall standards. Similarly positive, Goodison (2002) said that even if in terms children’s awareness most students are not aware if ICT made them more productive in any way and that some pupils see the complexity of software applications as barriers to task completion, ICT contributes to the promotion of learning independently.

Debt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Debt - Essay Example void the fiscal deficit as much as possible by the repayment of massive public debt in order to save the current and future generation from the burdens of debt. The American deficit in 2009 was around $1.8 trillion which was equal to 13.0 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). This deficit was $157 billion higher than what is expected. The additional spending to recover the economic sector from the current financial crisis was the major reason for the increase in deficit (An Analysis of the President’s Budgetary Proposals for Fiscal Year 2010, p.1). America was one of the worst affected countries as far as the current recession is concerned. Many big companies were one the verge of close down unless the government helped them. The close down of big companies will definitely increase the unemployment problem which the government don’t want to occur. So, only option available in front of the government was to declare a stimulus package to pump money to the ailing economy. Since the gross domestic production growth was less, the pumping of money to the ailing economy may increase the fiscal deficit again and again which means e ach American’s debt was also increasing. The Iraq and Afghan wars were also contributed heavily to America’s deficit. It is difficult for America to stop the military exercises in Afghanistan and Iraq before achieving the objectives. It is suicidal for America to stop these wars since neither of the objectives was achieved yet. At the same time, new war fronts are also on cards for America. For example, Iran’s efforts to acquire nuclear weapons cannot be watched silently by America. Many people believe that America will be forced to open another warfront in Iran in order to prevent Iran acquiring the nuclear power. Any such moves will again put American economy in jeopardy. It is difficult for America to conduct wars in three different regions at the same time. Immediate stoppage of wars is the only possible solution in front

Market Segmentation by Coca Cola Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Market Segmentation by Coca Cola - Case Study Example Factors influencing consumer choice such as psychological, socio- cultural, economic government, lifestyles, perception, motivation, attitudes, consumer behavior toward a cold drink, family preference reference group, disposable income, discretionary income and other relevant factors have to be taken into account for segmenting the market and penetrating into different niche markets. For last 5-6 years many banks and other financial companies targeted low-income groups with bad credits for sub-prime mortgages. These debtors were risky on the standard of credit rating below 6 and were expected to default one day or other. The real motive of the banks to extend credits to such borrowers were to earn quick profits in the background of flush of liquidity with then after the stock market bust in 2001 and the craze of many people to have his own house at any cost. This two supply and demand poles met each other. Financial companies became aggressive in targeting this segment for loans so much so that liquidity with them started falling, thereby creating pressure on lending rate and the resultant credit control by banks. There were numerous defaults in repayments causing credit crisis. In recent years housing prices in USA, were so steeply high that there was speculation of house bubbles. In research paper published in the Journal of Housing research v... This two supply and demand poles met each other. Financial companies became aggressive in targeting this segment for loans so much so that liquidity with them started falling, thereby creating pressure on lending rate and the resultant credit control by banks. There were numerous defaults in repayments causing credit crisis. In recent years housing prices in USA, were so steeply high that there was speculation of house bubbles. In research paper published in the Journal of Housing research volume 6, Issue to by Robert Quercia, George W. Mccarthy & Michel A Stegman similar opinion has been expressed on Mortgage default among rural, low income borrowers. "When mortgage risks are not well understood households are forced to pay mortgages insurance premiums or mortgage interest rates that are higher than necessary to compensate for the higher risk involved.that lenders perceive them to represent" Data from 2000-01 on foreclosed homes at Utah has used by Amber Gallagher Utah State university points out the fact of defaulting of payments and the following fore closer of the houses of the first time home buyers against loans. They were also subjected to specific segment targets for marketing loans but they were not fit for the mortgage. Payment to income ratio and loan to value ratio were at low level. No ethics support such target marketing on lower income groups who are either ignorant about the risk or poor enough to afford on their own but have craze to have a house, which is the primary need for everyone. Financial companies with their own motives to earn quick profit target these people and for this they impose unsolicited terms in the garb to squeeze them. When the borrowers fail to repay the loan or interest in time their houses

FDA Approval Procedure Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

FDA Approval Procedure - Assignment Example From this paper it is clear that pre-clinical studies must showcase that the medication will not induce chromosomal damage when consumed in potentially effective doses. The results are filed to the FDA together with the IND (Investigational New Drug) application. Apart from the pre-clinical studies report, the IND application contains the information on pharmacologic properties, the proposal for clinical investigations, and clarification of safety measures for prospective volunteers.This essay discusses that after a drug has survived all the trials, an NDA (New Drug Application) is forwarded to the FDA. According to the 1992 Prescription Drug User Fee Act, standard applications are to be reviewed within the 12-month timeframe. Results on priority applications are usually released within six months. Sometimes, FDA may request to provide minor corrections or labeling adjustments. As soon as the product receives the FDA approval, it is allowed for sail. In case of rejection, the FDA pre sents the reasoning together with a list of recommendations. Certain approvals are given under the condition that further research must be conducted shortly after the initial marketing. For instance, the manufacturer may be requested to assess risks in patients with specific illnesses or to examine the long-term effects.  To conclude, drug approval is a lengthy and costly process that is strictly regulated by the FDA.

VIRTUAL WALKING TOUR ASSIGNMENT Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

VIRTUAL WALKING TOUR ASSIGNMENT - Research Paper Example Furthermore, he considers that the streets in Paris are narrower than those of American streets. Accordingly, parking lots in Paris are built on both sides of the streets. He also finds that the streets in Paris are smaller and unlike huge vehicles such as trucks that run across the streets of America, the trucks in Paris are relatively smaller in size and are designed according to the local culture and the widths of the streets. Jim tries to distinguish the streets of Paris with that of American streets. The sites across all the streets of Paris are accompanied by a number of small and big shops such as wine shops, beef shops, pork shops, bread shops, chocolate shops and many other different shops selling a variety of interesting products. He states that the buildings along side of the streets are maximum seven-storeyed. The most interesting thing that I find is the size of buildings along the streets. I find that almost all the buildings were similar in size, the majority of which were seven-storeyed. The diversity in the buildings was conspicuous only at the ground floor of the building while the rest of each was uniform with others. The widths of the buildings were greater than the width of the street and were more like monuments (Latour and Herment). I think Paris has one of the world’s stunningly beautiful urban landscapes. The uniformity in buildings depicts the unity of people in Paris. Each building is unique in itself. A building’s design does not depict the superiority over other buildings. Despite the streets being narrow, there are seldom traffic problems. The shops selling a variety of grocery products and other interesting products indeed offer people a wide choice. Moreover, the trees are planted alongside of the streets, and parking lots provide people with cool shade during the summer and help in controlling air pollution. Jim commented that French people probably make the best combination of formality and

Food Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food Ethics - Essay Example Most people associate agriculture with retrogressive economic engagement while they consume food that primarily comes from the same. This is a clear indication of the increased risk of blind consumption of food with the significant disconnect between the source and the end user. Increasing urbanization is characterized by increased consumption of industrial food with the limited nutritional check (Wendell 145). In essence, the rate of fast food consumption already raises concern among the American families with significant obesity cases increment. People have literally distanced themselves from agricultural activity and define food from what is really to eat or semi-cooked from the supermarket or grocery stores. Wendell raises concern about what people fail to note when they pay for otherwise low quality and nutrition-deficient food. This can be attributed to changing the socio-economic and political structure of the society. People have little time to think over the source of what t hey consume in the name of food. Besides, the prices paid are not questioned neither are the nutritional content. The industrial concentration on mass production and widespread emphasis on food stores for conveniences supports Wendell’s concern on the future of humanity. The emerging lifestyle health risks are directly a product of poor diet. Consumers have distanced themselves from the actual production and offered commercial entities to take control and reap profits. Wendell explores the indirect increase in healthcare costs as a result of food-related health risks. Proposals on engaging in even small-scale gardening for food are highly recommended as the industrial viewpoint is highly unethical. There are various aspects of the ethical concept that Wendell emphasizes as far food consumption is concerned.  

C.P. Ellis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

C.P. Ellis - Essay Example He worked day in and day out and even worked in the week ends in order to gain some extra money but ended up being angry, annoyed and frustrated as he saw little success. With all these efforts that he had been putting, he was not even able to break even, that is to say, he was not even able generate enough income to sustain himself. With all this building up inside him, he did not know who to blame for all that was happening and who should be held responsible for his failures, one after the other. He wanted to vent out the anger and frustration upon something. Blaming the situation or the country could not help because it can not be personified. With this at his background, he joined the Klan which was meant for the anti black movement in order to 'hate' them in a formalized manner. The fact that his father was also a member of the Klan once upon a time and that his initial mental makeup was done up by his father, he was more inclined towards joining the Klan. While doing this, he assumed that this would solve his problems that he was seeing at personal level. Many members of the klan were of lower income and education and they joined it because it gave them a platform for hating and opposing the blacks, which they could not do in an equally efficient manner when they were individuals. Also, the Klan gave Ellis a certain kind of respect and recognition that he was deeply longing for, and which he had not received till date. When Ellis took the oath in the presence of more than four hundred Klan members, he felt certain kind of satisfaction for being respected and honored. 3. How did C.P. Ellis's assumptions about the Klan and those who were in power change Why did they change Ellis took great honor himself with the fact that the municipal council members would call him up from their side in late hours and spoke to him in person. He had a certain sense of importance felt with this and thus felt good about that because he had never received any such treatment when he had not joined the Klan. However, at one instance, he realized that the behavior of the municipal council men was not the same in public as it is in the private. He felt that the people in the power would avoid him in public so their associations are not revealed. This was the first instance when Ellis found that something was wrong with the people in power. He felt that the people who were in power were using the groups of black and the white by dividing them and then with their support they would be in power. Both the groups were being used against each other in order to achieve their motive. By keeping them engaged in fighting the council men made it sure that none came up to a level where they would have to share the power with them because they were unwilling to part from the wealth and the power that they were enjoying. When he tried to put this point through in the Klan meetings, he was unable to make people convince and think the way he was. Fellow members of the Klan would no believe that the people in the council were not really working fro the whites but were using them. This make Ellis

The merger report between XM Canada and SERIUS Canada Essay

The merger report between XM Canada and SERIUS Canada - Essay Example The availed report is supposed to be taken on April 11, 2011, where the launch and implementation of proposal is supposed to be done and just on time. Some of the prevailing articulation that were on the top of the agenda for any company to acquire merger rights were the issue of management team makeup, consolidation of marketing strategies, integration of operations and information and the activities articulation Financial aspects. Previously, Federal communications commission approved Digital Audio Radio service to use a certain radio satellite broadcast rights, which oversees American mobile Radio XM Radio paying $ 93 million for its license and CD radio that currently known as SERIUS Satellite Radio paying $ 89 million for its license. However, both two broadcasting company has intense competition working based on subscription models to woe their customers. Many consumers have been signed up on the daily basis for as little as US $ 12.95 with an aim of making their consumers enjo y quality and affordable digital music, news, sports, talk and more. According to the availed report and plan tabled before Redmond indicates that the two companies’ offers subsidized radio upgrades that make purchasing decision easier on the prevailing consumers. Some of the technology that the two companies tried to outdo each other is by availing a project that was overseen manufactures installing satellite radio equipment in every car and then provided free service for the new car owner for a period of one full year. Going by the business analysis and statistics, the business models based on the free installation norms did not work well for these two companies since the aspect of free services usually leads to high and expensive price maintenance. When maintenance price is high, a farm usually suffers a loss (Kaser and Brooks 24-27). However, the introduction of programming skills has triggered the aspect of growth in both companies leading to streamlined operations and r efining products offerings, one of the positive articulations that lead business into a positive note. Managers within any prevailing business need to employ platforms that initiate marketing strategies, which triggers efficiencies norm. All this can be achieved through the introduction of new marketing and programming model as administered within the case of XM and SIRIUS media houses. Through new strategic model, both media houses have been well received after providing an additional merger platform resulting to $4 a month. Based on the discussion availed by the two companies involving XM Canada and SIRIUS Canada Inc, the report indicates that the two companies agreed to a merger perception probably on 24th, November the year 2010 that a total of 22.7 percent shares will be for Canadian Sattelite Radio Holdings Inc., 37.1 percent shares for SIRIUS XM, 15 percent for CBC, 15 percent for Slaight Communications and 10.2 percent for other investors. This decision was based on manageme nt team and its perception, operations and information systems availed, marketing strategies and financial articulation. For the purpose of joint within these, two companies, works based on team management that underpins the aspects of management structures initiated. There is a critical rivalry perception here in that it has been so difficult for the two companies to decide who should be picked up and be included within the executive but this was done through the use of integration model. In this process the two companies appointed Michael Washinushi, who was the chief financial

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 64

Summary - Essay Example His philosophy is more influential and followed upon in western sector than any other philosopher, as he articulates that; the freedom of choice lies down with all humans, without any obligation towards the society or religion. Moreover, he argues the infinity of finite world and there are no unseen phenomena hidden, as an appearance; is an evidence of its existence. He described that the ability to prove and produce results or accomplishments lies within man, as the ability to bring change is in his hand. Thus material or object’s presence can’t provide or fabricate what is instilled as a capacity, but man can; as he has the power to be nothing or everything. However, all the changes are directly associated to time and choice. A person acts as an object and as a subject many times in his life and therefore, impression his actions leave due to his physical involvement and the impression his invisible appearance causes; work simultaneously and thus Jean has called them being-in –itself and being-for-itself. Jean has stated in his piece of work â€Å"Man is nothing else but that which he makes of himself† (Sartre, p.9).Therefore one’s; self esteem is made high or low not only by his view of himself but it also includes the view point of others who stare him temporarily. Mainly it depends on the perspective of a human, whose ability define him his worth. It is a wide horizon where one can become optimistic or pessimistic, depending upon the choice again. Thus one gaze can change the view entirely depending upon the perception one has for himself. The freedom of choice is a gate way, which leads to two destinations it’s up to a person how he perceives the meaning of it, as it comes with great responsibility as well. .† Our responsibility is thus much greater than we had supposed, for it concerns mankind as a whole.† (Sartre , p.9) The most natural trait of a human is a complete

Sample of Detailed Job Description of Health Care Assistant Essay Example for Free

Sample of Detailed Job Description of Health Care Assistant Essay In the morning the role of the Healthcare Assistant is to assist the Nursing Staff in the delivery of Patients care , under the supervision of Clinical Nurse Manager and Staff Nurse. Before handling the clients Health Care Assistant under Inspection and Prevention Control by Washing or Disinfecting hands must be follow. Health Care Assistant will assist the client during bathing, showering, shaving, dressing and undressing in bed and in the bathroom under the supervision of the Nurse. Privacy and Dignity must be respected and full Independence are implemented in all clients and those not able. Health Care Assistant will help the Nurse to serve clients breakfast and to feed those who are helpless, under the supervision of the Nurse. Privacy and Dignity must taken place and full Independence must be delivered to the clients. Health Care Assistant will follow individual patients dietary needs are adhered including special diets and give supplementary drinks under the direction of the Nursing Staff. Health Care Assistant will assist the Nurse in bed making. Health Care Assistant will collect dirty sheets, duvet covers, bed covers and patients dirty cloths under the guidelines of Linen Management/Disposal put them to their respective laundry bag for porter to be collected. Health Care Assistant will answer bell calls and assist patients who are confined to bed with their toilet needs under the supervision of the Nurse. Health Care Assistant will assist in toileting of patients including the giving, removing and emptying of bedpans, urinals, commodes under the supervision of the Nurse. Health Care Assistant will clean and disinfect bedpans, urinals, commodes, hoist, shower seats and trolleys under the guidelines of Infection control and Prevention. Guidelines of Infection and Prevention control must be follow. Health Care Assistant will tidy bathrooms, sluices and toilets. Mop up spillages on the floors under the guidelines of Waste Management/Disposal. Disposed of soiled linen in water soluble bag securely and seal place it in white canvas bag for transfer to hospital sluicing department. Pack soiled woolens in separate water soluble bags place it in blue plastic bag for laundry. Health Care Assistant will serve dinner to patients at 1 o’clock and feed those are helpless under the supervision of the Nurse. Monitor patients intake to avoid choking. Clean and wash if necessary bed-tables and lockers. Remove rubbish etc. Health Care Assistant will answer call bells and report request to Nursing staff. Health Care Assistant will assist in toileting of patients including the giving, removing and emptying of bedpans, urinals, commodes under the supervision of the Nurse. Always maintain privacy and dignity towards patients. Answer telephone calls and locate appropriate personnel, as required. Health Care Assistant if necessary will assist with the transport of patients in the wards or transfer patients to other departments as required under the supervision of the Line Manager or Nurse in Charge. Health Care Assistant during Admission, transfer or discharge list patients property under the supervision of the nurse in charge. Health Care Assistant will serve tea and feed those who are helpless. Health Care Assistant will assist the patients back to bed under the supervision of the Nurse. Always maintain privacy,dignity and respect to patients. Remember, patients has the right to refuse. Remove uniform and disinfect hands before leaving the ward. 2/2 As a night Healthcare Assistant the role is to assist the night Nurse in the delivery of the the Patients care, under the supervision of the night Superintendent. Collect dishes and wash them. Ensure that kitchen are keep tidy and locked at all times. Answer call bells and report request to nurse on duty. Assist patients those who wants to go to the toilet or offer bedpans and commodes to those who needs before bed. Assist patients back to bed. Always maintain privacy, dignity and respect at all times. Remember patients has the right to refuse. Assist patients and ensure that call bells are working properly at patients reach. Ensure all doors and windows are lock and all Fire exit doors are clear with no obstruction. Monitor patients at all times, ensure that patients are in safe and in comfortable way. Emptying and disinfects commodes, urinal bottles and bedpans after use. Be alert at all times. Ensure safety and security of all the patients at night. Answer call bells and report request to nurse on duty. Incontinence patients are more likely to be wet at night.Ensure they are dry at all times. Change pad and linen if necessary under the supervision of the night Nurse on duty. Always maintain privacy, dignity and respect towards patients.

Rise And Rise Of Dhirubhai

Rise And Rise Of Dhirubhai Dhirubhai once said: Our dreams have to be bigger, our ambitions higher, our commitment deeper and our efforts greater. This is my dream for Reliance. In fact, this is my dream for India. Indeed Dhirubhai has been successful in bringing his dream to reality. From a humble beginning, Dhirubhai Ambani was successfully able to build up the largest Business conglomerate in India in a span of just 25 years. Today, the turnover of Reliance Industries forms 3% of the entire GDP. This tremendous growth in such a small time is the result of the large amount of hard work, dedication and excellence that Dhirubhai Ambani brought in to the culture of Reliance Industries. As they say, there are two sides of the coin. While there is no doubt that Dhirubhai Ambani was a highly intelligent and dedicated manager, he was not perfect, in the right sense. For a long time Dhirubhais ethics have been a matter of debate. While some consider him as a shrewd businessman, the others dont approve of certain things he did. History Dhirajlal Hirachand Ambani was born on 28th December 1932, in Chorwad Gujarat into a Modh family of moderate means. He was the second son of a school teacher. Right from childhood Dhirubhai was precocious and highly intelligent. He was highly impatient of the oppressive grinding mill of the school classroom. Chose work that used his physical ability to the maximum rather than cramming school lessons. At the age of 16, Dhirubhai moved to Aden, Yemen. He worked there as a clerk for A. Besse Co. For two years. Later he was promoted to manage the companys oil filling station at the port of Aden, when A. Besse became the distributors for Shell. Ten years later, Dhirubhai returned to India and started a business Reliance Commercial Corporation with a capital of Rs. 15000.00. The primary business of Reliance Commercial Corporation was import polyester yarn and export spices. The business was setup in partnership with Chambaklal Damani, his second cousin who was also there with him in Aden. The first office of Reliance Commercial Corporation was set up in Narsinathan Street at Masjid Bunder. It was a 350 sq. Ft room with a telephone, one table and three chairs. Initially they had two assistants to help them in their business. In 1965, Chambaklal Damani and Dhirubhai Ambani ended their partnership and Dhirubhai started on his own. It is believed that both had different temperament and a different take on business. While Mr. Damani was a conscious trader and did not believe in building yarn inventories, Dhirubhai was a known risk taker and he considered that building inventories with anticipating a price rise and making some profit is good for growth. During this period, Dhirubhai and his family used to stay in a one bedroom apartment in Bhuleshwar. In 1968, he moved from the chawl to an upmarket apartment at Altamount Road, in South Mumbai. His first car was a premier Padmini. In 1970s he bought a white Cadillac car. Dhirubhai started his first textile mill in Naroda in the year 1966. Textiles were manufactured using polyester fibre yarn. Dhirubhai started the brand Vimal, named after his nephew. Extensive marketing of the brand in the interiors of India made Vimal a household name. Franchised retail outlets were started to sell only Vimal brand of textiles. In the year 1975, a technical team from the World Bank, visit this unit and certified it as excellent even by developed country standards. Banks and financial institutions repeatedly turned him down when he needed money the most. He was just not in the same league as other businessmen of his time. This made him an out of the box thinker. Dhirubhais first public offering of 28.2 lakh equity shares in the then Reliance Textiles in November 1977 was oversubscribed nearly seven times. The issue fetched him Rs 3 crore, a big sum by the standards of those days. Between 1979 and 1982, Reliance made four debenture issues. In 1979 it was for a worsted mill; in 1980, for modernising its textile mill; in 1981, to manufacture polyester filament yarn at Patalganga. In 1982, he topped it all with a record Rs 50-crore issue for expansion and diversification. Dhirubhai treated his shareholders like family members. Such royal treatment endeared him to his investors, says Kisan Ratilal Choksey, Chairman of KR Choksey Shares and Securities, a leading Mumbai brokerage firm. Dhirubhai understood the power of equity funding for his mega projects, says Devesh Kumar, Managing Director of Centrum Broking. In that sense, he was a visionary, way ahead of his times, and an out-of-the-box thinker, he adds. He always made sure that the investors got returns commensurate their investments. Marriages, businesses, studies abroad of the investors have been said to be financed by Reliance. He coined the term Mega Issue. His faith in retail investor also gave a leg up to BSE and its 30-share sensitive index, Sensex. Lured by Reliances power to deliver dividends and higher stock prices, thousands flocked to the market. Dhirubhai was a visionary, because he looked at the future a future he knew he may not even be around to enjoy. But that what propelled him and his stakeholder benefited from his search for a better future. In 1982 Ambani began the process of backward integration, setting up a plant to manufacture Polyester filament yarn. He subsequently diversified into chemicals, gas, petrochemicals, plastics, and power and telecom services. RIL bought IPCL from the government of India to become Indias largest petrochemical player.   After the launch of the refining arm of reliance, Reliance achieved a huge cashflow position and has never looked back. Mukesh Ambanis statement that RIL will be like a makoda where even if a few legs are hurt, the organism will be hale and hearty and not stop its march forward. Behind the Scenes Despite his affability, some of his old colleagues describe Dhirubhai as a dark character-not just because of the darkish skin he inherited from his father-but for the ambition and risk taking he hardly concealed. He exported spices, often at a loss, and used replenishment licenses to import rayon. Later, when rayon started to be manufactured in India, he exported rayon, again at a loss, and imported nylon. Ambani was always a step ahead of the competitors. With the imported items being heavily in demand, his profit margins were rarely under 300 percent In the 1950s the Yemini administration realized that their main unit of currency Rial was in disappearing. After investigating the matter it was realized that all Rials were routed to the Port City of Aden. There a young man in twenties was placing unlimited buy orders of Yemini Rials. During those days the Yemini Rial was a pure silver coin and was much in demand at the London Bullion Exchange. Young Dhirubhai would buy Rial, melt it in pure silver and sell it to bullion traders in London. Reliance expanded its equity base through frequent rights and bonus issues to shareholders, while financial institutions converted 20 per cent of their loans into equity in September 1979. But the use of convertible debentures catapulted Dhirubhai Ambani into the big league in the capital markets. Dhirubhai had anticipated the governments policy with regards to the convertible debentures and the Series I issue of partially convertible debentures by Reliance in October 1979 raised Rs 70 million. Although Reliance was not alone in trying the long disused instrument but from late 1980 the issues of partially convertible debentures coming from Reliance in quick succession, raising Rs 108 million in September from its Series 11 and Rs 240 million from its Series 111 the next year, and Rs 500 trillion from Series IV in April 1982. Dhirubhai capped that by obtaining from Sen Gupta clearance to do what should normally be legally impossible: converting the non-convertible portions of the four debenture issues into equity. This proved to be a master stroke. By this method, dubbed a brilliant and unconventional move by many, Dhirubhai-Reliance was able to chop Rs 735 million off its debt book in 1983, and turn it into comparatively modest equity of Rs 103 million, while reserves were raised by Rs 632 million. Instead of an annual interest bill of Rs 96.5 million on debentures, the dividend burden from the extra equity was only around Rs 36 million. This transmutation allowed Reliance to continue raising more quasi-debt, with its E Series of partially convertible debentures in October 1984 which raised another Rs 800 million. This reduced the debt equity ratio and further increased the attractiveness of the Reliance stock which was becoming an outperformer on the Indian Stock exchanges. Reliance always used to persuade the regulators with respect to its debenture issues. This did not mean that all its issues were approved without any hurdles. All questions being raised were not disposed of by Reliances policy of SALAM. On one occasion, the regulator rejected the premium that Reliance was seeking to put on an issue, on the ground that projected profitability had not been indicated. Without a pro-forma balance sheet for the current year-an extension of results to date-it could not be accepted. In 1982, Dhirubhai created waves in the stock markets when he took on a Kolkata-based cartel of bear operators that had sought to hammer down the share price of Reliance Industries. The cartel badly underestimated the Ambani ability to fight back. Not only did Dhirubhai manage to ensure the purchase of close to a million shares that the bear cartel offloaded, he demand physical delivery of shares. The bear cartel was rattled. In the process, the bourses were thrown into a state of turmoil and the Bombay Stock Exchange had to shut down for a couple of days before the crisis was resolved. After this incident many questions were raised by the press. People could not understand that how; a yarn trader till a few years ago was able to raise such a huge cash flow in the time of crisis. The answer stood in a story detailed how companies registered in the tax haven, Isle of Man, with ridiculous names like Crocodile Investments, Iota Investments and Fiasco Investments had purchased Reliance shares at one-fifth their market prices. Curiously, most of these firms were controlled by a clutch of non-resident Indians who had the same surname, Shah. Yet another article detailed how the group had been the beneficiary of a loan mela a number of banks had loaned funds to more than 50 firms that had all purchased debentures issued by Reliance Industries In 1993, Reliance was in the bidding for several oilfields in the Arabian Sea. The government oil search corporation had discovered the fields but did not have the funds to build the huge production rigs, gas compressors and pipelines that were needed. Several contacts among rival bidders were alleging that the tender was being rigged in favour of Reliance. Indian politicians and bureaucrats are masters at tilting an open and transparent tender into a one-horse race, by techniques such as keeping the weighting of bidding factors uncertain or secretly promising later concessions to compensate for underbidding. In the event, Reliance swept the field, and a director with one of the losers told me: We were shafted, and for the wrong reasons. Corporate Rivalry Reliance frequently, routinely, put any criticism or opposition to its actions down to motives of envy or a desire to pull down anyone achieving success. Throughout every crisis caused by exposure of alleged manipulations, its publicity took on a self-pitying Why is everyone always picking on us? tone. But the record tends to show that it was Dhirubhai and Reliance who often made the first move to put a spoke in a rivals wheels, whether it was Kapal Mehra of Orkay Silk Mills, Nusli Wadia of the Bombay Dyeing Group or, latterly, the Ruias of the Essar group. Coincidentally with disputes with Reliance, various rivals were hit with government inspections, tax problems, unfavourable press reports and physical attacks. The mid-eighties were a period during which the Reliance group got locked in a bitter turf battle with Bombay Dyeing headed by Nusli Wadia. The two corporate groups were producing competing products Reliance was manufacturing purified terephthalic acid (PTA) and Bombay Dye ing, di-methyl terephthalate (DMT). Wadia lost the battle and reportedly became the source of information for many of the articles against the Ambanis that subsequently appeared in  The Indian Express. In 1985, the Mumbai police accused a general manager in a Reliance group company of conspiring to kill Wadia, a charge that was never established in a court of law. Many years later, a newspaper owned by the Ambanis would accuse Wadia of illegally holding two passports and played up the fact that he was Mohammed Ali Jinnahs grandson. Year 1986 was a crucial one for Dhirubhai. He suffered a stroke in February that year. A few months later, the  Express  began publishing a series of articles attacking the Reliance group as well as the Indira Gandhi regime for favouring the Ambanis. These articles were co-authored by Arun Shourie who, ironically, later as Union Minister for Disinvestment in the Atal Behari Vajpayee government, presided over the sale of 26 per cent of the equity capital of the former public sector company, Indian Petrochemicals Corporation Limited (IPCL), to the Reliance group. By gaining managerial control over IPCL, the Reliance group would now be able to dominate the Indian market for a wide variety of petrochemical products. Ramnath Goenka, once a friend of Dhirubhai, and owner of The Indian Express was also considered to be close with Nusli Wadia. On many occasions, Ramnath Goenka tried to intervene between the two warring factions and bring an end to the enmity. As the days passed by The Indian Express carried a series of articles against Reliance Industries and Dhirubhai in which they claimed that Dhirubhai was using unfair trade practices to maximise the profits. As Reliance had a close relationship with The Indian Express, Ramnath Goenka did not use his staff at the Indian Express to investigate the case but assigned his close confidant, advisor and chartered accountant S. Gurumurthy for this task. Apart from S. Gurumurthy, another journalist Maneck Davar who was not on the rolls of Indian Express started contributing stories. The end to the tussle came only after Dhirubhai Ambani met with a stroke. While Dhirubhai Ambani was recovering in San Diego, his sons Mukesh Ambani and Anil Ambani managed the affairs. The Indian Express had turned the guns against Reliance and was directly blaming the government for not doing enough to penalise Reliance Industries. The battle between Wadia Goenka and Ambanis had become so big that it became a national crisis. It was not as if Indian politicians had not helped other industrialists in the past. However, the difference in the business-politics nexus at that time lay in the fact that by the time the Reliance groups fortunes were on the rise, the Indian economy had become more competitive. Thus, it was not enough for those in power to promote the interests of a particular business group. It became necessary to simultaneously put down the competition. Managing the Environment Dhirubhai, more than many of his fellow industrialists, understood and appreciated the importance of managing the environment, a euphemism for keeping politicians and bureaucrats happy. Ideas are no ones monopoly. Those who criticise me and Reliances growth are slaves to tradition, if not to outright conservatism and complacency; the criticisms were put down to jealousy. But the same Man also felt you have to sell your ideas to the government. Selling the idea is the most important thing, and for that Id meet anybody in the government. I am willing to salaam anyone. His willingness to salaam anyone and his cultivation of junior staff and newcomers had by the early 1980s created a huge network of friends in politics, government ministries and financial circles. Earlier, goodwill had been cemented by gifts of the famous suit-lengths of material. After the float of Reliance in 1977, Dhirubhai was able to allocate parcels of shares or debentures from the promoters quota of any issue, wit h a profit virtually guaranteed by the gap between issue and market prices or by the prospect of conversion. He made no secret of the fact that he did not have an ego when it came to paying obeisance before government officials be they of the rank of secretary to the Government of India or a lowly peon. It is hardly a secret that Dhirubhais support base would easily cut across political lines. Very few politicians have had the gumption to oppose the Ambanis, just as the overwhelming majority of journalists in the country preferred not to be critical of the Reliance group. The Indian media, most of the time, has chosen to lap up whatever has been doled out by the groups public relations executives. The bureaucracy too has, by and large, favoured the Ambanis, not merely on account of the fact that many  babus have got accustomed to receiving expensive hampers on the occasion of  diwali. Indira Gandhis return to power opened a golden period for Dhirubhai Ambani. In 1979, his company barely made it to the list of Indias 50 biggest companies, measured by annual sales, profits or assets. By 1984, Reliance was in the largest five. Dhirubhai himself had become one of the most talked and written about persons in India, gaining a personal following more like that of a sports or entertainment star than a businessman. It was also the period when Dhirubhai made the most rapid part of his transition, in the bitter words of a senior non-Congress politician in 1996, from supplicant-the most abject kind of supplicant-to influencer and then to controller of Indian politics. Dhirubhai A legend People close to Dhirubhai said that there were three Dhirubhai Ambanis. One was unique, larger than life, a brand name. He was one of the most talked about industrialists, and for Gujarati people he has tremendous emotional and sentimental appeal. He is their ultimate man, and has inspired many emulators. The second Dhirubhai Ambani is a schemer, a first-class liar, who regrets nothing and has no values in life. Then there is the third Dhirubhai Ambani, who has a more sophisticated political brain, a dreamer and a visionary, almost Napoleonic. People always getting the three personalities mistaken. Dhirubhai was one man who tried to look beyond the obvious, who dared to dream and dared to achieve his dream. He did not let anything stop him. No restriction was strong enough to stop Dhirubhai Ambani. Whether what Dhirubhai has been claimed to do, he actually did or not, there is certainly no denying the fact that there is no businessman in India who attracted as much adulations as he did. He was more than a legend in his lifetime. He successfully convinced 4 million middle class households to invest their hard earned savings in Reliance Industry Groups. He fondly referred to his shareholders as family members and conducted annual shareholder meetings in the atmosphere of large melas attended by hordes. Dhirubhai Ambani was different man to different people. To his millions of investors, who had seen their share prices multiply, he was a business messiah. To one writer, he was a Frankensteins Monster created by Indias experiments with close government control of the economy. The strictly controlled import licences given to registered exporters of textiles, allowing import of raw materials worth a certain percentage of their export earnings. Like many others, Dhirubhai realised that these import or replenishment licences (known as REPS) were as good as money, even though some of them were officially not transferrable and imports had to be made by the actual user of the materials. By paying higher margins than any other traders, Dhirubhai soon became the main player in the market for REP licences. The margins were tiny in the trade itself but his dominance also put him in the position of being able to turn on and off much of the supply of yarn into the Indian market. Conclusion Dhirubhai Ambani built his company through outstanding abilities and drive on many fronts: as an innovative financier, an inspiring manager of talent, an astute marketer of his products, and as a forward-looking industrialist. The energy and daring that showed itself in his early pranks, practical jokes and trading experiments developed into a boldness and willingness to live with risk that few if any other Indian corporate chiefs would dare to emulate. His extraordinary talent for sustaining relationships, and sometimes impressing men of standing, won him vital support from both governments and institutions. The dark side of his abilities was an eye for human weakness and a willingness to exploit it. This gained him preferential treatment or at least a blind eye from the whole gamut of Indian institutions at various times.

Cross Cultural Management A study on Cadbury and Kraft Merger

Cross Cultural Management A study on Cadbury and Kraft Merger In the current era of globalization with the advancement in the technology, communication and the channels to access the external business world; the process of business has changed drastically. Corporate personnel and industry professionals are making effective decisions and are developing efficient strategies to sustain their competitive advantage in the market. Many new management disciplines like IT management, corporate governance, mergers acquisition, business continuity management and such new principles are becoming prominent. There are various reasons that are pointed out by the corporate firms which are behind these management concerns. They include cost cutting measures through economies of scale, global expansion, risk reduction, effective and efficient management practices and so on. Merger Acquisition is one of the effective ways to invest to gain market share and to expand the business. They help in global expansion, cutting costs, new knowledge and expertise acquisition, identification of niche areas across the global market, extension of customer base, accessing new technologies and many. Dealing with the integration of two similar or different companies, it also involves certain difficulties and issues to handle. Although companies are pursuing MA aggressively, it is found that 60-80% of them are financial failures regarding their performance in the stock markets or obtaining high profits (Salame, 2006). Through this study, I tried to understand the various management issues and concerns involved in the merger acquisition process with the help of Cadbury and Kraft merger. Kraft-Cadbury Merger: The Kraft takeover of Cadbury did not happen in a simple routine manner. It involved various management issues which had proved this event likely to shape future public policy towards acquisitions and corporate governance. The initial steps towards this strategic decision of acquiring Cadbury started in the year 2007 on 3rd October when Cadburys Somerdale factory plans that announced its to shut down the factory with a loss of 500 jobs and to invest the production in the Bourneville Plant of Birmingham to the new plant in Poland. In the year 2009 on September 7th, Irene Rosenfeld, Chairman and CEO of Kraft stated that Kraft would be in a position to continue the Somerdale factorys operations without closing the plant and thus preserving United Kingdoms manufacturing jobs. But this statement given by the Kraft was not taken as granted by the Cadbury workforce before the takeover. The National Officer of the Unite the Union, which is a representative body of Cadbury workforce, Jennie Formby compared Kraft statement with the line there is no meat on the bones at all saying that there is no real intention of Kraft to come and save the jobs. Finally in the year 2010 on 19th of January, Cadbury announced the bid offer made by Kraft to its shareholders and the takeover is finally concluded on 2nd of February, 2010. But to the shock of the public and the stakeholders, Kraft, after a week of its confirmation of the takeover, announced that it would not be capable enough to maintain the Somerdale factory open and would like to approve the decision made by the Cadburys senior management to discontinue its operation. This decision made by Kraft immediately after the takeover led towards criticism. Marc Firestone, Executive President of Kraft Industries Inc. and Irene Rosenfield, CEO asserted their decision saying that before making a public statement Kraft was not aware of various factors like the internal structure of building, products of Cadbury in that facility, status of machinery and others (Mergers, acquisitions and takeovers, 2010 ) In this dramatic way, the whole process of acquisition of Cadbury by Kraft has been done making it an event that can shape the future endeavors of public towards takeovers, acquisitions and corporate governance. Inside Story of Cadbury and Kraft before Takeover Cadbury has faced many ups and downs throughout its journey especially under the visionary leadership of Todd Stitzer. Todd Stitzer working successfully for 20 years for Cadbury Schweppes has played a key role as a master mind behind the acquisitions of soft drinks industries made by Cadbury in US. He was later appointed as the chief strategy officer by John Sunderland to the confectionary side to achieve the similar success. The then competitors in the chocolates and sweets industry were the international companies Nestle, Mars, Kraft, Wrigley, Ferrero and Hershey. Stitzer said that acquisitions alone would not solve the problems of Cadbury. He said that the revenue growth model has to be revitalized to gain in the financial performance. Stitzer had developed many strategies, took some visionary steps and led Cadbury gain the business world with his strategic thinking. Stitzer and his management team aimed at the global domination in the Confectionary world, while the stakeholders w ere much worried about the financial performance. Overall with all his visionary leadership abilities and strategic decision making capabilities, Cadbury Schweppes split into pure confectionary leader Cadbury. Nelson Peltz, founder of the hedge fund Trian Fund Management also had his own role in the business of Cadbury. Irene Rosenfield, CEO, Kraft Food Industries Inc. had a keen interest in the confectionary business and proposed an offer to buy Cadbury to Carr, Chairman of Cadbury after Sunderland. Carr without consulting the stakeholders had refused the offer but Peltz who still owned the shares in the Cadbury with discussion and negotiation with Kraft finally made Cadbury lose its independence in January 2010. Impact of the Merger Cadbury-Kraft merger which involved a high dramatic and strategic process as discussed above has got its own pros and cons. Before analyzing the performance after a year later the takeover, there are certain agreements on which the takeover is being implemented. These include aspects like the brand name of Cadbury would be continued; previous commitments, pension arrangements would be honored and such, for at least two years. Regarding the business performance, the combined business has achieved profitable results despite of the difficult economic climate outside. It had improved the sales by 13% compared to 2009 and also has sold 300 million bars more comparatively. They improved and modified the corporate structure so as to combine the Cadburys successful chocolate history with the Krafts brand heritage. The combined systematic approach would create value and would help in economic and internal growth (Kraft Foods completes Cadbury takeover, 2010 ). There is high capital investment, support and commitment seen in the Cadburys RD sites so as to improve the combined business performance and the products. As we know, every coin has two sides; every decision would have pros and cons. As discussed above, the withdrawal made by Irene Rosenfield regarding the Somerdale factory led to the criticism from the workforce. Similar reaction is seen even after the takeover with many employees departing from the Cadbury. Kraft is trying to improve the relationship with local authorities so as to increase the employment opportunities. Due to the change in the working culture, a feeling of fear is seen among the employees to express their views and opinions. Kraft says Cadbury being a firm of values and heritage; we try to combine our efforts in bringing job satisfaction to employees and to outperform the market as well. (Update on progress made since Kraft Foods acquired Cadbury, 2011) To conclude, Kraft taking over Cadbury is not just acquiring an excellent company but establishing a strong connection with the public; so it has to work hard to prove and show the combined benefits of Cadbury and Kraft Foods.

Politics as Media Spectacle - Arnold Schwarzenegger as Governor Essay

Politics as Media Spectacle - Arnold Schwarzenegger as Governor of California Arnold Schwarzenegger’s California recall election gubernatorial victory demonstrates the increasing collapse of the boundaries between entertainment and politics in an era of media spectacle. Over the past decades, major struggles around politics, race, gender, and sexuality have played out in the media. In the 1990s, the O.J. Simpson trial, the Clinton sex scandals, and the proliferation of tabloid journalism made serious political issues and conflicts the stuff of popular entertainment and culture. Moreover, presidential politics on the level of campaigns and governing have also exhibited a growing politics of the image and spectacle. In our media-saturated society, politicians become celebrities who fine tune their image through daily photo opportunities, spin out their message of the day, and, like celebrities, employ image management firms to make sure that their performance is playing well with the public. In an era of media politics, celebrities can become politicians and take on increasingly political roles. Hollywood stars of film and television were prominent opponents of the Bush administration’s 2003 Iraq war, while teams of celebrities were employed by both sides in the California recall election. Arnold Schwarzenegger had a familiar role to play in the California recall election scenario. The people were angry at higher taxes, energy costs, and what appeared to be a deteriorating economy and were looking for a savior. Arnold presented himself as the hero on the white horse who would ride into California and solve the problems. His â€Å"Rescue California† ... ... how the media present his policies, actions, and colorful past. Schwarzenegger has allegedly paid over a million dollars to purchase the original and outtakes from his 1976 film Stay Hungry that allegedly has him singing â€Å"Springtime for Hitler† and prancing about in Nazi regalia and poses, and there are Nazi poses of Schwarzenegger floating through the Internet. In an era of political spectacle, image is all and negative images can produce critical views of politicians and their policies as George W. Bush is learning from images of daily carnage and mayhem in Iraq that put in question his foreign policy decisions. Schwarzenegger too will become an important part of the spectacle of contemporary politics and what role he plays will be determined by his policies and politics, the media, and how a volatile and fickle public perceives him.

One Students Observations of an Online Community Essay -- Sell Websit

One Student's Observations of an Online Community   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An online community is a place where individual users with common interest come together to build relationships with similar people.   Recently I was looking through the Yahoo and MSN websites, searching for an interesting community to join.   Unfortunately, all of the message boards I was interested in had been inactive for over a year.   Online communities must involve growing relationships among active users.   Many people believe that online communities are a waste of time and are destroying our current society.   Howard Rheingold, an author, argues another point of view (92).   Ã‚  Ã‚   Rheingold states that a virtual community is an online group in which relationships are developed through interaction.   He also says that virtual communities are an advance in the uprising technological world.   Virtual communities bring people of different backgrounds and locations together through a common interest (Rheingold 93).   Rheingold shares with his audience stories of young parents rallying together while their infants are in critical condition. This exemplifies that online relationships are important to many people.   Rheingold argues that although we may not experience face to face interaction with fellow online users, it does not keep us from developing a sound and structured society.   It may not be traditional, but online communities are societies that are here to stay.   The relationships developed through online communities will remain only if users post frequently and take a genuine interest in other user's posts (Rheingold 9 2-97).   In an attempt to find a community to join and a group of people I could form growing relationships with I logged on to many diff... ...own at collegehumor.com, growing relationships are almost guaranteed.   This website has brought me to a group of people who I enjoy interacting with.   Although I have not been able to fully integrate into their community, I am hoping that with time, I will be considered a senior myself.   This message board community is a great place to sit back, relax, and let the laughter come.   Works Cited CollegeHumor.com.   Homepage. 28 Oct. 2002.  Ã‚   <http://www.collegehumor.com/bbs/> "God damn headaches."   1 Posting.   Online Posting. 30 Sept.   2002. 7 Oct. 2002 http://www.collegehumor.com/bbs/ "God damn headaches."   6 Posting.   Online Posting. 30 Sept.   2002. 7 Oct. 2002.  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.collegehumor.com/bbs/ Rheingold, Howard.   "The Virtual Community."   The Wired Society.   Ed.   Carol Lea Clark. New York: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1999.   92-97.   

U.S. Attacked :: essays research papers

America was attacked Tuesday September 11th, 2001. How could we be attacked we are the strongest countries in the world? We have one of the world's strongest economies in the world. We have a massive army with equipment to destroy a whole country. Why would someone do this? Who would do this? Who ever did this doesn't value life. They actually made four of our own planes filled with fuel into bomb. They crashed into three buildings. Attacking a military base is bad enough, but to attack innocent people.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I think that this could have been prevented. We should have been expecting this. We bombed other countries before killing innocent people. Our atom bomb did not distinguish between military, and civilian personal. We, America, did this to end the war to ensure our freedom. I think we could have been prepared a lot more than we were.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Should we seek justice or revenge? Justice would be to kill who ever did this so anything like this can never happen again. Revenge would be to kill who ever did this and who ever harbors the terrorist. I think that we should seek justice so this can never happen again to us or anyone else. We have to be careful though because this could be the start to world war3. This time if a war breaks out life with have a lesser value than it ever did. There are so many nuclear and biological weapons that nobody life would be safe from side effects. Many more people are going to die in the process of seeking justice. Talk of sending ground troops I think would be one of the worst things that could be done. The only people that win from a war are the people that make military equipment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I don't want a war to start because I know people that are in the are and the

Nursing Theories and Profesionalism

Term paper on â€Å"Nursing care theories and models and their application to: 1. Adult health nursing† 2. Community Health nursing† 3. Reproductive Health nursing† A theory is a set of propositions used to describe , explain predict and control. Nursing theory is the term given to the body of knowledge that is used to define or explain various aspects of each profession of nursing. Levels of nursing theories. * Grand nursing theories. This type of theory has the broadest scope and present general concept and propositions.Theories at this level may both reflect and provide insight useful for practice but are not designed for empirical testing. This limits the use of grand nursing theories for directing, explaining and predicting nursing in particular situations . * Mid range nursing theories. Are narrower in scope than grand nursing theories and offer an effective bridge between grand nursing theories and nursing practice. They present concept and positions at a lo wer level of abstraction and hold great promise for increasing theory-based research and nursing practice strategies. * Nursing practice theories.Nursing practice theories have the most limited scope and level of abstraction and are developed for use within a specific range of nursing situations. Nursing practice theories provide frameworks for nursing interventions and predict outcomes and the impact of nursing practice. Types of theories. i. Descriptive theory : it defines properties and components of a discipline, it sorts out meaning and observations and sets forth what elements exists in the discipline it identifies and describes specific characteristics of particular people, groups, situation or event. ii.Explanatory theory: identifies how the properties and components relate to each other and accounts for how the properties and components related to each other and accounts for how the discipline functions. It describes relationships among various phenomena. iii. Predictive th eory: predicts the relationship between the components of a phenomenon and predicts what conditions it will occur but does not provide control. iv. Prescriptive Theory: addresses nursing therapeutics and consequences of interventions. Such theories designate under what conditions something should occur.Characteristics of nursing theory * They are interrelating concepts in such a way as to create a different way of looking at a particular phenomenon. * Logical in nature. * Generalizable. * Bases for hypotheses that can be tested. * Increasing the general body of knowledge within the discipline through the research implemented to validate them. * Used by the practitioners to guide and improve their practice. * Consistent with other validated theories, laws and principles but will leave open unanswered questions that need to be investigated. 1. ENVIRONMENTAL THEORY FLORENCE NIGHTNGALEThe environmental theory is attributed to Florence Nightingale. The main focus of her theory is the con trol of the environment of individuals and families both healthy and ill. She discusses the need for ventilation and light in sickroom, proper disposal of sewage and appropriate nutrition. Her ideas about nursing have guided both theoretical thought and actual nursing practice throughout the history of modern nursing. Nightingale considered nursing similar to a religious calling to be answered only by women with an all consuming and passionate response.She considered nursing to be both an art and science and believed that nurses should be formally educated. . Application of environmental theory in: Adult health nursing Unnecessary noise is not healthy for recuperating patients. Nightingale advocated for a quite environment in the hospitals. Petty management proposed the avoidance of psychological harm no upsetting news strictly war issues and concerns should not be discussed inside the hospital. She includes the use of small pets of psychological therapy while nursing adult patients .Dietary intake- patients to be fed with clean food and water Light has quite as real and tangible effects to the body. Her nursing intervention includes direct exposure t sunlight. Control of room temperature- patients should be nursed at appropriate temperature With the use of Nightingales ideas hospitals became a place for people to recover rather Than a place to die. Community Health Nursing Warmth quiet and diet environment she introduced the manipulation of the environment for patient’s adaptation such as fire operating the windows and repositioning the room seasonally.Cleanliness and sanitation- she assumes that dirty environment was the source of infection and rejected the germ theory. Her nursing interventions focus on proper handling and disposal of bodily secretions and sewage frequent bathing for patients and nurses, clean clothing and hand washing. The environmental theory is utilized by modern architecture in the prevention of â€Å"sick building syndrome† applying the principles of ventilation and good lighting. Noise management- noise pollutes the environment making it unhealthy for people and can cause serious conditions e. . ear problems When for a reason hospitals did not hire their own nursing graduates nurses applied nightingales principles in the community in the development of public health nursing. Reproductive Health Nursing Good balanced diet is important to pregnant women in order to bring forth healthy children. Clean environment is an important aspect in child delivery to prevent postnatal complications; this is a clear application of the environmental theory. 2. DEVELOPMENTAL THEORIES. Developmental theories are called sometimes theories of growth and development.Development models emphasize processes of growth development and maturation. Focus is also on identification of actual and potential developmental problems and delineation of intervention strategies that foster maximum growth and development of people and th eir environment. The theorists classified under the developmental model branch include: 1. Sigmund Freud Freud proposed one of the best known grand theories of child development. According to Freud’s theory child development occurs in a series of stages focused on different pleasure areas of the body.During each stage the child encounters conflicts that play a major role in the course of development. 2. Erick Erickson Rather than focusing on sexual interest as a driving force in development, Erickson believed that social interaction and experience played a decisive role. His eight stage theory of human development described this process from infancy through death. During each stage people are faced with a developmental conflict that impacts later functioning and further growth 3. Jean Watson Caring is the most important aspect of nursing.According to Watson caring is when the nurse enters in to the experience of another person and another can enter into the nurses experiences (Watson 1989 pg 234) Her main concern in the development of this theory is to balance the impersonal aspects of nursing care that are found in the technological and scientific aspects of practice with the personal and interpersonal elements of care that grow from a humanistic belief in life. She openly recognized the clients and family’s spirituality and spiritual beliefs as an essential element of health 4. Madeleine Leininger’s Cultural care DiversityLeininger states that care is the essence of nursing a man caring and dominant distinctive and unifying feature of nursing. This model model emphasizes that health and care are influenced by elements of social structure such as technology, religious and philosophical factors, kinship and social systems, cultural values political and legal factors economic and educational factors. Along with the universal nature of human beings as caring beings, the cultural care values, beliefs and practices that are specific to a given culture provide a basis for the patterns, conditions and actions associated with human care.Application of Developmental theories: Adult health Nursing. According to Watson’s caring way, the theory helps in establishing a relationship of help and trust between the nurse and the client. Watson’s theory aids in the adult patients/clients nursing as they are able to express both positive and negative feelings with acceptance. It assists in whatever way deemed appropriate to meet the basic human needs of the client. Community health nursing Watson’s model aids in manipulating the environment to make it more supportive, protective or connective for the client with any type of disease process.Watson’s theory recognizes the client’s and family’s spirituality and spititual beliefs as an essential element of health. Reproductive Health nursing Developmental theories are useful in assessing whether a child’s growth and developmental stage is k eeping pace with his chronological age. Children falling outside the normal ranges need medical and nursing interventions. Growth and developmental theories are also useful to nurses teaching parents about what to expect from their children at certain ages and stages.Through the study of developmental theories, nurses understand and should remember that although knowing characteristic traits, developmental tasks and stages is useful, each individual is unique in style and behavior. 3. INTERACTIVE MODEL. This model emphasizes the importance of interpersonal relationships between the nurse and the person. It focuses on identifying any interpersonal problems and providing intervention techniques to promote optimal socialization. The leading theorists of interactive model include: Hildegard Peplau’s interpersonal theory.Her theory of interpersonal relations provides a useful framework for investigating clinical phenomena and guiding nurses’ actions. Her theory focuses prim ary on the nurse-client relationship in which problem solving are developed. Four phases occur during this interactive process: orientation, identification, exploitation and resolution phase. Throughout these phases, the conselling, leadership, surrogate, resource person and teaching role. Virginia Henderson’s Model. The foundation of Henderson’s theory is that nurses should focus on the patients rather than the task.The core component to Henderson’s theory is for nurses to help patients become self sufficient. She emphasized the importance of increasing the patient’s independence so that progress after hospitalization would not be delayed. APPLICATION OF INTERPERSONAL THEORIES; Adult Health Nursing Peplau’s theory is significant for practice in that it propelled psychiatric nursing from custodial based care to interpersonal relationship theory based care Peplau’s theory has provided an enduring educational for teaching the nurse patient rel ationships as a pivotal nursing process in all contexts of practice.The therapeutic nurse patient relationship promotes active participation of patients in their health care. Peplau’s theoretical work has also promoted a paradigm of professionalization and empowerment for educating nurses for the 21st century. Nursing education has been deeply affected by Henderson’s clear vision of the function of nurses. The nursing theories of Peplau and Henderson are commonly used by psychologists and psychiatrists as well as nurses in mental health clinic settings. They provide a framework for understanding patients’ reactions to illness, birth, deaths and traumatic life events.Henderson conceptualizes the nurses role as assisting sick or healthy individuals to gain independence in meeting 14 fundamental needs. Community Health nursing. Interactive models are applied in the community as there is enhancement of social acts and relationships, through interaction of the commun ity members and the nurse. People are able to clearly identify any problems they may have and look for intervention techniques to promote optimal socialization amongst themselves. Henderson’s theory expects society to contribute to nursing education.Reproductive health Nursing. Marriage and family-This theory can involve marriage and family planning methods for adults. This process teaches abstinence and practicing safe sex until marriage. Nurses open lines of good communication to address the concerns the client has about preventing unwanted pregnancy. Family planning programs are available to young adults interested in practicing birth control techniques and abstinence until marriage. Nurses counsel on the choice of birth control, its use or change of use.As per Peplau’s theory, the nurse assumes the teaching role and assists couples in knowledge concerning the fertility cycles. 4. SYSTEMS THEORIES. The systems model of nursing views the person as a multidimensional being who reacts continually to a world of stressors. Systems may be closed or open depending on the amount of information coming in or out of the systems. Opens systems allow for exchange of information through their bounderies. closed systems refer to rigid structures in which minimal exchange of ideas are limited. Some theorists include King Imogene, Neuman and Orem.Imogene King. His theory describes a dynamic interpersonal relationship in which a person grows and develops to attain certain life goals. Betty Neuman Her theory is a nursing theory based on the individual’s relationship to stress, the relationship to it and reconstitution factors that are dynamic in nature. The purpose of the nurse is to retain this system’s stability through the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention. Roy’s adaptation model. Roy’s model sees individuals a set of interrelated systems (biological, psychological and social).The individual strives to live within a unique band in which he or she can cope adequately. Nursing attempts to alter the environment when the person is not adapting well or has in effecting coping responses. According to The Roy adaptation model, the person has coping mechanisms that are broadly categorized in either regulator or cognator systems. Orem’s General theory of nursing. Orem’s theory revolves around a person centered model, in which the nurse identifies self care needs of the patient and then works as collaboratively as possible with the patient to meet those needs.The theory includes self care, self care deficit and nursing system concepts. APPLICATION OF SYSTEMS THEORY Adult Health nursing. King’s theory highlights the importance of a client’s participation in decision making that influence care and focuses on both the process of nurse-client interaction and the outcomes of care. Newnan’s system model is applied in attempting to restore the stability of the system using the prima ry, secondary and tertiary interventions. Neumann’s theory is also used in practice and in research.Its concentric layers allow for a simple classification of how severe a problem is the level of insult can be quantified allowing for graduated intervention. Today’s nurses use nursing diagnoses to describe patient’s problems. Orem’s self care deficits are well represented here. Roy’s adaptation theory is applied in nursing as it allows to assess patient’s stressors and abilities to cope. Nurses familiar with adaptation theories can help patients realistically appraise their stressors, examine their usual coping responses and if necessary learn new ones.By use of these theories in adult nursing, nurses can interact with the patients to facilitate achievement of health-related goals. Community Health nursing As people interact with others in the community, they must continually adjust to stressors’ in the internal and external environmen t Nurses can effectively provide care at the interactional systems level at which they deal with small to moderate-sized groups in activities such as group therapy and in health promotion classes. King’s theory offers insight into nurse’s interaction with individuals and groups within the environment.The role of nursing at the social systems level can be expanded to include involvement in Policy decisions that have an effect on the health care system as a whole. Orem’s self care deficit theory has been widely adopted in a variety of clinical settings like rehabilitation nursing, with its focus on addressing self care deficits in patients with physical disability or chronic illness and home health nursing which is aimed at making patients as safe and independent as possible in their own homes. Reproductive Health nursingParenthood and stress management-Nurses taking part in family planning are available with advice after delivery of the child. This postnatal care consists of feeding techniques, health concerns for the baby as well as for the mother. Nursing give needed counseling and support to mothers who might experience postpartum depression. These theories provide the necessary guidance to couples to handle the entire process from conception to birth so that the couple can make the most of becoming a happy and healthy family. Orem’s self care theory is applies in diagnosing various reproduction disorders.Reference: * Yema M. Luhahi, Nursing Theories and professionalism, NRSG 121:RN, BSN, MPH, Senior lecturer. * Linderg and al (1998) introduction to Nursing: concepts. issues and opportunities. * Barium Barbara (1998). Nursing theory: Analysis, Evaluation, Lippincott Williams and Wikins ISBN 978. * Allender J N:(2001)Community Health concepts and practice,8th edition. * Tomey A M Alligood. MR. (2002)Nursing theorist and their work(5th edition),Mosby, Philadelphia. * Memmott,Rae Jeane,use of the Neumann systems model in interdiscipl inary team.

Plantation Society in the Caribbean today Essay

at that place is facilitate evidence of the woodlet gild indoors the un compositors cased Caribbean Society. This evidence quite a little be seen from first analyzing motley aspects of the grove system or ordering, much(prenominal) as the lifestyle, mentality, affable structure and scotch lay associated with this neighborly system. Then a parity ordain be made amid the orchard and modern Caribbean societies in apprisal to these aspects, to show their relevance in the modern Caribbean friendly club.The earned run average of slavery which occurred in the Caribbean during the sixteenth to 19th centuries put into place a genial and policy-making order which organise the favorable structure and clique tie in lifestyles of the orchard system. The well-disposed structure of the woodlet corporation was static and profital in design. At the choke of the affable pyramid was the dust coat ruling chassis or the woodlet owner sort which consisted of the spor ting grove owners and those who were closely associated with them. Directly on a lower floor the face cloth ruling secern was the mixed or mullatto creation along with the poor sinlessnesss and shift people of people of colorize, who b belt down contri al mavened to social textile of the ships company despite not having oft policy-making enormous(p) magnate. At the very throne of the social pyramid was the B deficiency and non-white cranch affiliate and in spite of appearance this soma itself constituteed racial divisions and a labour hierarchy.Therefore, it displace be seen from examining the various break upes within the woodlets systems social structure that the woodlet society was composed of various ethnicities. For the most incision a major portion of the labourers were Afri earth-closet, precisely receivable(p) to the various racial conferenceings within the woodlet societies across the Caribbean, these societies were con alignred to be paganly plural. This population mix influenced the character of society in galore(postnominal) counselings such as in the way that real cultural roots would only be seen unneurotic when in that location was an frugal related activity. It was thence not uncommon to find on a grove society both or more racial and cultural sorts living side by side unless similarly having minimal social or cultural intercourse. Another physical exertionof how the character of the society was influenced by the population mix can be seen from the point that during this time whoever was the owner of the plantation was automatically deemed the super-ordinate assembly in the wider society and the plantation workers were of the subordinate group. social and economic government agency was concentrated with the super-ordinate group, and thus real political and legislative power had only resided with them. beforehand examining the political development or lack thereof ,we must first select the soci al construct and its relevance to to twenty-four hour period, during the plantation era the society was made of a majority of unskilled workers, large beas of grime devote to production and the running(a) class was excluded from majorly centralized decision making due to the rigid social hierarchy. Today we can simmer down see evidence of the working class being excluded in this way and now to a littleer but save significant extent due to a or sowhat rigid social hierarchy, where evidence of this can be seen by the trouble present to move up the social ladder and relatively boor effort needed to brinytain ones social standing.Bearing in mind the description of the social construct of the past, lets run into the changes which ensued filming to the present day model, the social hierarchy moved from a rigid to a forcefully busy structure which was brought on by the changes caused by independence and the mass immigration that followed, the criteria for break awaying on es social standing moved from the color of ones skin to a less rigid even though lock difficult criteria to include educational, occupational and economic status, another change which allowed for the differences in the trademark emancipation period was the bankruptcy and sequential migration of the whites back to Europe making musculus quadriceps femoris for the upward(a) movement of both gloomy as salutary as foul individuals not only in the social scheme of things but also in the political arena leading to an annex of sorry individuals in power and a decrease in white promise at least directly. By the last mentioned part of the twentieth century, these plaza classes (mostly the cutting and brown educated and professional elect) admitled the leading positions of political parties and states throughout the region.The evolution of the colored midriff(a) class to power lead to legion(predicate) serious get bys with the white powers, these struggles include the stru ggle for greater democratic fight for the majority down in the mouth population and the struggle for political independence from European control which was eventually achieved at least physically even though it is quite arguable that mentally the European control persist, the realisation of political power and independence by the national black and brown elite did not necessarily shatter the foundations of white domination throughout the region. Although it can be express that politically there has been great changes leading to the physical political emancipation of directlys society from that of the plantation society the economic power was take over in the hands of the expatriate white ownership classes even after political independence was won in the 1960s, and the Caribbean racial formations spawned by slavery and colonialism are nonetheless intact.From an economic standpoint we can also say that the plantation is still with us. During the era of the plantation we axiom two unequivocal developments, one was the outdoorsly distinct dead(a) frugal hierarchy which eventually evolved in the times of emancipation to a slenderly mobile economical hierarchy notwithstanding in both forms the separating factor was lapse race and type of education, placing the white planter class at the top and the dethawd or slaved blacks at the bottom, the other characteristic was the take in goal of the economy not to better the rabble but to improve or maximize the profit for the plantation, these two main characteristics of the economic plantation society is still seen right away, although because of hierarchy mobility blacks have been allowed to rise in status they are still clear restrictions to this such as the need for a European education to make it in society meaning that although black the top tier blacks are deep within the influence of the European mentality.That being verbalise the majority of the top tier economically standing people are still whi te and the majority of the dismount class are black which is still in keeping with the economic stratification of the plantation society. the second characteristic of the plantation society which was the profit of the plantation which today would be the profit of the organization can still be seen and is explain in various theories where we can see that the working class is still exploited for the profit of the high class and is allowed by the political power in order to make the thick richer and the poor poorer which can be said to also contribute to the clear differences and difficulty associated witheconomical hierarchy. the attention of these traits as well as the seeming acceptance of them as normal is clear evidence of the persistence of the economical plantation society today.Caribbean societies today can still be seen as plural societies, some more than others. hand over day plural societies can be seen on islands such as Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname. The e ssential pluralities of the modern Caribbean societies can be characterized by divisions of race, ethnicity, religion and cultural differences, to mention a few major elements while others corresponding economic disparities and political membership can also be seen to form division. In societies today there still exist a hierarchy of social class the f number class, middle class and the turn down class. The upper class is an elite group of people who occupy the highest position in the social hierarchy. The members of this social group are wealthy and may have great social and political power and influence. The middle class is socio-economically located between the upper class and the lower class and comprises of a group of people of the contemporary society. The lower class also called the working class is made up of the socio economic groups who are often working for low wage and would include the skilled and unskilled workers.The middle and working classes make up the masses w hile the upper class is seen as the minority but the upper class still holds most of the polical and social power within the society as was with the plantation society where the hierarchy was divided in the super-ordinate and the subordinates. People are born into a class structure and it is difficult to straggle the social bracket on an upward movement. For example people born in the upper class structure will be more than likely to reside in that structure for their entire lives and in the middle and lower classes while there still is a slight regain of changing their social status. The hierarchy that embodies the plantation society is evident in the todays society in housing, jobs, lifestyles, prestige, colour of skin, image, wealth, opportunities, education and background to mention a few factors.Housing is an example of class separation embodies the hierarchy of class. Some neighborhoods are just grievous bodily harm to members of the upper class. For example the gated comm unities where in that neighbourhood there is a gate separating that neighbourhood from the surrounding neighbourhoods. in any casethere are neighbourhoods that are exclusive to the working class, for examples developments and housing areas. Racism still exists in society today but to a lesser extent where some People are still denied jobs and positions because of the colour of their skin and also hired for jobs base on the colour of their skin. In many organizations the owners are whites who are of the upper social class and their subordinates are persons from the working classes and middle classes.It can be said then that from a social structure and an economical standpoint there are remnants of the plantation society in the Caribbean today yet there has also been many changes including social mobility and political control which makes todays society different is some shipway but similar in many from that of a plantation society reproval of the plantation society modelThe plant ation model/theory in identifying the characteristics of the social and political structure of plantation societies has provided from exact errors Theory does not provide a direction for moving forward or combating the negative remnants of the plantation society. Does not consider in its analysis the effect of the dig of other racial/cultural groups such as the Chinese into these plantation societies. once more the assumption of the theory is that plantation societies are homogenous. Does not take into paper the effects of migration on the demographic, economic and cultural patterns which push through in the post-emancipation era.Does not take into friendship the activities to combat racial, political and economic secernment mounted by local fraternity based organizations such as the, land cooperatives, the UNIA and the labour movement of the 1930s. Does not account for the development of a large-scale afro and indo-peasantries which existed in the post emancipation period w hich saw land moving into the hands of black and other non-white groups. a crucial group within the matrix of the said society and economy was ignored that is the poor whites and the free people of colour. It therefore implicitly argues that this group did not contribute to the social, political and economic organization of the plantation society. By ignoring this group the analysis of the plantation societies as it existed under slavery is skewed toward the small white eliteand large African/ eastside Indian labour force which were not the only.ReferencesSidney W. Mintz Caribbean Society. c. 1968 Encyclopedia of the fond Sciences. David Watts 1987 The West Indies Patterns of learning Beckford, George.The Plantation Model in Christine wheelbarrow and Rhoda Reddock (eds.) Caribbean Sociology Introductory Readings. Ian Randle Publishers Kingston Jamaica, 2001. Best, Lloyd.The Contribution of George Beckford. Social and Economic Studies. Vol. 41, No. 3, September 12 ISSN 0037-7651. -Models of a Pure Plantation Economy. Social and Economic Studies. Vol. 17, No. 3, September 168. Thomas, C.Plantations, Peasants and State, ISER, U.W.I, Mona, 1984.